Should People in the Public Eye Expect Their Privacy to Be Respected by the Media?

Journalism is a field of work that requires an individual to balance the ethical aspects of invading another person’s privacy with getting the information they need to cover a specific story. It is becoming increasingly common to find out what a certain celebrity has said or done yesterday in today’s newspaper and magazine tabloids. Our society has become so fixated in watching and reading about others, that sometimes we forget that celebrities should have some privacy of their own. Stories in the headlines can range from what a certain celebrity orders from a fast food restaurant to information concerning a divorce settlement between couples. Every solitary move a famous individual makes in his or her life is documented in a photograph, editorial, or headline on a TV show dedicated to exposing their life. If famous celebrities cannot receive any amount of privacy, why should individuals like ourselves be guaranteed that our personal lives are not exposed to the world? Should not all human beings be able to keep certain aspects of their life personal? Journalists and photographers should realize that celebrities are human beings that would like to keep certain parts of their lives to themselves, and not have their lives consumed with photographs and editorials devoted to exposing all details of their life good or bad. The definition of public eye is people in the one, which consist of politicians, athletes, celebrities and other individuals who are famous. For my presentation we will be concentrating on the public eye and whether they should expect their privacy to be respected by the media. Media comes in various forms, with the more common ones being newspapers, tabloids, radio, paparazzi, internet, social media and many more. With the amount of attention numerous celebrities receive from the media, invading their privacy is just another part of a journalist’s job description. Such actions as going through another individual’s trash can lead to the next big headline on tomorrow’s magazine. Some journalists will ultimately dedicate their life to exposing someone else’s in magazine editorials and articles. The media is certainly abusing the rights they are given by exposing details of famous individual’s lives. Anything from celebrity scandals and breakups to private matters like divorce are always shown on TV shows featured on E News, which show the latest and most up to date stories. These shows will provide viewers with hard evidence including paper documents and photographs that depict a certain story. Stories dealing with breakups, for instance, the popular divorce between Brad Pitt and Jennifer Aniston after seven years of marriage, are sold to specific magazines for a large amount of money. Public eye privacy being invaded – a question that has been discussed over and over again in the media itself, the debate intensifying after the latest tragic break-ups by famous ex-actor and politician Arnold Schwarzenegger was caught having an internal affairs with his maid is to believed his privacy being invaded. Sought by celebrities, anonymous informers as well as ordinary citizens, privacy should be respected by members of the press – too often do journalists use techniques that show disregard for others' distress in order to â€Å"get the story†. However, in other cases, it is due to the publication of â€Å"private† details that hidden agendas and acts of corruption are brought to light. It is the amount of public interest involved that is more important in determining whether or not the press is justified in overriding privacy. The press – all members of the printed media, including newspapers, magazines, and tabloids – plays the important role of informing the public of what they need to know. This freedom of speech in the media is central to our democracy, as it means that the public's main source of information is independent of any of the authorities, and is thus more likely to present information in an unbiased manner. As stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, â€Å"Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. â€Å"It is the right to know, the publics right to access information, which allows us to keep a critical eye on our society and ensure the fair running of our country. However, another basic human right is the right to privacy â€Å"freedom from intrusion and public attention† as defined in the Oxford Dictionary. This includes privacy for the person, conversation, seclusion and personal information. That is, one should be able to lead a life without others following one all the time, eavesdropping on what one says, having one's every move under surveillance, and making public one's personal details. Such two basic human rights come into conflict when matters are to be reported in the media. What the press sees as information that ought to be made public may be considered private by the individual. 997 figures showed the privacy complaints made by both public personalities and private citizens, having tripled since 1994, stood at 9% of the total number of complaints lodged to the Press Council. Often when confronted with such accusations of intruding upon one's privacy, the journalist's defense is that it was in the â€Å"public interest†. This term, however, is rather vague. Many tend to define it as what the public is interested in – the kind of sensational news that increases circulation and sells papers. Yet this sacrifice of the individual's privacy for the entertainment of the general public is not â€Å"public interest†. In fact, it is the necessity of the public, as citizens, to have access to essential information. A great proportion of those mentioned in the media are ordinary citizens who, because of their experience of extraordinary circumstances, become significant. These people are most likely to be victims of crime or tragedy. In such cases, names, addresses, photographs and other details that would lead to the identification of the victim should not be published without consent. It is not imperative for the public to know the name of the victim because, after all, stories reported in the media are often far removed from the readers' daily lives that the name is of no more interest to them than a piece of trivia. Yet to the victim and his or her family and friends, publication of the name could mean embarrassment, harassment or even death threats from the criminal. In conclusion, the most basic form to freedom of expression and encourages the journalists to have public responsibilities as an honest and efficient journalist that respects the rights of others. The 8th code of ethics in MEAA is to ‘use fair, responsible and honest means to obtain material and never exploit a person’s vulnerability or ignorance of media practice’, meanwhile the 11th code of to ‘respect private grief and personal privacy. But again, it does actually depend on what situation that the public eyes are going through. Is it bad or good thing that journalism should report a story regarding on their private life or its just counted as an entertainment values as in the public interest that will do the rating of a certain story to put in the tabloids.

The Leadership of Prime Ministers Malaysia

THE LEADERSHIP OF PRIME MINISTERS MALAYSIA Prepared for KRISHNAN A/L NARAYANAN, Tutor of OUM Open University Malaysia Jalan Tun Ismail, 50480 Kuala Lumpur By BONG KEE HONG, Student OUM 381a, Lorong 7a, Jalan Semaba, 93250, Kuching, Sarawak 871019526779001 25 June 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACTPage 2 1. 0 INTRODUCTION Page 3 2. 0 Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad 2. 1 Background and CharacteristicPage 4 2. 2 Policies: Vision 2020 (Wawasan 2020)Page 5 2. 3 Challenge and Objective of Vision 2020Page 6 2. 4 The Effect of Economic and SocialPage 8 3. 0 Dato' Sri Haji Mohd Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak 3. 1 Background and CharacteristicPage 10 . 2 Policies: One Malaysia (1Malaysia)Page 11 3. 3 Aspect and Objective of One MalaysiaPage 12 3. 5 Focusing of Economic and SocialPage 13 4. 0 Comparisons Advantages of Both Policies in Unity DevelopmentPage 14 5. 0 CONCLUSIONPage 15 BIBLIOGRAPHIC Page 16 ABSTRACT This report focus on the policies bring out from our prime ministers. Malaysia has been l ed by six prime ministers. Among all of them, the two famous policies was introduce by forth prime minister Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad with â€Å"Vision 2020† and present prime minister Dato' Sri Haji Mohd Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak with â€Å"One Malaysia†.Characteristic of both prime ministers will be discussed. This report will focus on the objective of each policy and the challenge to archive the goal. This report also will make comparisons both policy advantage in developing unity among Malaysians. 1. 0 INTRODUCTION Since year 1957, Malaysia independence led by our first prime minister Tunku Abdul Rahman. From our first prime minister until present minister (sixth) Dato' Sri Haji Mohd Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak, many policies has been bring out from each prime minister. Each of the policies is to develop our country to a new era either economic or socially.For example, present Prime Minister Dato' Sri Haji Mohd Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak introduce â €Å"One Malaysia† and forth Prime Minister Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad with â€Å"Vision 2020†. Each of the prime ministers has their own ability and leadership characteristic to lead our country. 2. 0Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad 2. 1 Background and Characteristic Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad born year 1925 in Alor Setar. He did his early and secondary education in his home town. In 1947, he gained admission into the King Edward VII College of Medicine in Singapore. He became active in he United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in 1946. He enter parliament in 1964 by general election but lose it on 1969. After Tunku Abdul Rahman resigned, Mahathir re-entered UMNO and parliament, and was promoted to the Cabinet. By 1976, he had risen to Deputy Prime Minister. In 1978, he won the Deputy President seat. In 1981 was sworn in as Prime Minister after the resignation of his predecessor, Hussein Onn. Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad became the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia on 16 July 1981 and stepped down as Prime Minister on October 31st 2003.He held the post for 22 years from 1981 to 2003, making him Malaysia's longest serving Prime Minister. His political career spanned almost 40 years. As Prime Minister, Mahathir was credited with engineering Malaysia's rapid modernization and economic growth, and initiated a series of bold infrastructure projects. Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad opened the country to foreign investment, reformed taxation, reduced trade barriers, the privatization of numerous state-owned enterprise, besides creating a world-class physical infrastructure. He also sought to bridge Malaysia’s ethnic divides by increasing general prosperity.Mahathir's record of curbing civil liberties and his antagonism to western diplomatic interests and economic policy made his relationships with the likes of the US, Britain and Australia difficult. As Prime Minister, he was an advocate of third-world development. In 1991, he launched the New Develo pment Policy, which emphasized industrial and commercial development and the elimination of poverty. Under Tun Dr. Mahathir’s leadership, Malaysia developed into one of the most prosperous and dynamic economies in Southeast Asia. Always with one eye on the future, Tun Dr.Mahathir Mohamad unveiled Vision 2020 in 1991, a blueprint for Malaysia’s journey to becoming a developed economy and a mature democracy by the year 2020. 2. 2 Vision 2020 (Wawasan 2020) Vision 2020 or â€Å"Wawasan 2020† is a Malaysian ideal introduced by the former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad during the tabling of the Sixth Malaysia Plan in 28 February 1991. Prime Minister has presented a paper entitled â€Å"Malaysia-Melangkah ke Hadapan† (Malaysia-Heading Forward) which contains a framework for thinking and a goal to achieve as a developed nation by 2020. The purpose of this paper is o present before you some thoughts on the future course of our nation and how we should go about to attain our objective of developing Malaysia into an industrialized country. Also outlined are some measures that should be in place in the shorter term so that the foundations can be laid for the long journey towards that ultimate objective. The vision calls for the nation to achieve a self-sufficient industrialized nation by the year 2020, encompasses all aspects of life, from economic prosperity, social well-being, educational world-class, political stability, as well as psychological balance.Vision 2020 is not a specific policy but a reaction to the economic, social and political conditions prevailing at the national and international levels that have a great challenge to the country. This vision was put forward as a guideline and framework on which approach should be taken in initiating measures for the long journey to be taken by the state. 2. 3 Challenge and Objective of Vision 2020 Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad outlined 9 strategic challenges that Ma laysia must overcome before year 2020 to achieve â€Å"Vision 2020†. Challenge 1: Establishing a united Malaysian nation made up of one Bangsa Malaysia * Challenge 2: Creating a psychologically liberated, secure and developed Malaysian society. * Challenge 3: Fostering and developing a mature democratic society. * Challenge 4: Establishing a fully moral and ethical society. * Challenge 5: Establishing a matured liberal and tolerant society. * Challenge 6: Establishing a scientific and progressive society. * Challenge 7: Establishing a fully caring society. * Challenge 8: Ensuring an economically just society, in which there is a fair and equitable distribution of the wealth of the nation. Challenge 9: Establishing a prosperous society with an economy that is fully competitive, dynamic, robust and resilient. The first issue generate is formation of union races (Satu Bangsa Malaysia) in our country. Malaysia is a country contains many different races. A sovereign country cannot classify their people by race, ethnicity or skin color. The formation of union races is the prerequisite to achieve vision 2020 because without the idea of nation in people mind, any form of cooperation will not go forward. The term like national unity, loyalty to country, harmony and tolerance must be understood and practiced time by time.Second issue is the countries consider a developed nation status if they can manage to change the pattern of economic from farm to be an industrial life. Vision 2020 requires people to continue transform since independence because the present achievement is still in the middle of the requirement. The reason of transformation slower because this process involves not only the transformation from farming to industrial life but it also involves changes in technology, economic, social and cultural. The skills and expertise in science and high technology community are important to developed countries.They not only can copy or modify from others but the y must be able to create and update. It is certainly related to the contribution of trade and commercial sectors and directly involves capital, investment, competitiveness, quality of employment, independence and consistency challenges. In this stage, the role of the private sector is enormous because it will be the main growth. Social and economic justice also one of the important issue happen in achieving Vision 2020 and the most harder part to united and developed nation.This is because in a developed country should not have a big wealth gap between their people. This vision statement is to solve the issues major concern like socio-economic balance between people, between regions, between states or between urban and rural areas. The passion to achieve this balance was subsequently translated into the national development policy objectives and implemented through programs and projects of the Sixth Malaysia Plan. The forth issue are moral and ethics society. The concept of the deve loped countries is characterized by a materialistic but our Vision 2020 is to uilt a developed countries style ideally guided by the philosophy of high morals and ethics based on religious beliefs. High philosophy of moral is important for material advancement because without moral values and ethics will not create peace and harmony society. Practice of moral values (as in the policy application of Islamic Values) will be the internal barrier that does not abuse the skills or wealth. Families form the basis of society and society will be the basis of nation-building. This means that the strength and progress of a country started on families and communities.Family and the community will shape the quality of individuals who are either national or leaders of a country. The culture encompasses values and the way to desired goals in this vision should be driven from the outset. This requires people to realize the importance of family institutions in developing countries and take neces sary steps to create a family and the perfect society. 2. 4 The Effect of Economic and Social Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad was making Malaysia economy grew strongly and the name of country outshine internationally.Throughout his 22 years of leadership Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad who knew as Asia Little Giant by western country leading in Malaysia. During his term as Malaysia Prime minister, he turned Malaysia into a regional high-tech manufacturing, financial, and telecommunications hub through his economic policies based on corporate nationalism, known as the various â€Å"Malaysia Plans† which set out the government middle-term objectives. These policies remained in effect almost to the end of his tenure in office.The example of his projects have included Perwaja Steel, an attempt to emulate South Korea and Japan, the Proton car company, and Astro, a satellite television service. He is credited with spearheading the phenomenal growth of the Malaysian economy, now one of the largest and most powerful in South East Asia. Growth between 1988 and 1997 averaged over ten percent and living standards rose twenty-fold, with poverty almost eradicated and social indicators such as literacy levels and infant mortality rates becoming on par with developed countries.During the leader of Mahathir, he done many contribution to our Mayalsia, for example, the North-South Highway, which has cut transport times in half on the west coast of Malaysia; the Multimedia Super Corridor; Port of Tanjung Pelepas; the glittering Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) in Sepang, and an adjacent Formula One circuit; the Bakun Dam, meant to supply all of the electricity needs of the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak; Olympic-class stadium in Bukit Jalil; and the Petronas Twin Towers, the tallest twin towers in the world, and the world's tallest building from 1997 to 2003, that have become symbolic of modern Malaysia. While such projects have their benefits, corresponding high cos ts have made some Malaysians reluctant to engage in more of such ventures, believing that the money can be better spent on other areas of development. On the other hand, Mahathir has always argued that such projects yield a direct return to the economy, apart from just serving the national pride, as government spending in turn creates jobs along with other multiplier effects. 3. 0 Dato' Sri Haji Mohd Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak 3. 1 BackgroundDato' Sri Najib, the eldest son of Malaysia second Prime Minister, Tun Abdul Razak Hussein, was born 23 July 1953 in the district of Kuala Lipis, Pahang. He received his primary education at St John's Institution and continued secondary education at the Malvern Boy's College, Worcestershire, England. Upon completion of his secondary education, Dato' Sri Najib enrolled at the University of Nottingham and graduated in 1974 in industrial economics. Dato' Sri Najib joined the national oil company, Petronas, as an before he taking the chances int o politics in 1976. Dato' Sri Najib win an election with unopposed as Member of Parliament at the very young age of 23. Dato' Sri Najib was appointed the Deputy Minister of Energy, Telecommunications nd Posts and also served as Deputy Education and Deputy Finance Minister. In the 1982 general elections, he stood in the state seat of Bandar Pekan and was subsequently appointed the Menteri Besar of Pahang until 1986. In 1990, Dato' Sri Najib was appointed Defence Minister, a senior position within the government by the Prime Minister, Dato’ Seri Dr Mahathir Mohamad. In 1995, Dato' Sri Najib was appointed as Ministry of Education. During the 1999 general elections, Dato' Sri Najib received a major majority votes. Following the elections, he was appointed Defence Minister for the second time and preceded with the modernization of the Armed Forces which came to a halt following the financial crisis of 1997.In 2004 general elections which came a few months after Dato' Sri Najib ele vation as the Deputy Prime Minister, him winning his parliamentary seat majority. He remained as Defence Minister until September 2008 when he took over as Finance Minister in 2008 from Dato' Seri Abdullah. Prime Minister of Malaysia Dato' Sri Mohd Najib was appointed as Malaysia's 6th Prime Minister on 3 April 2009 but he still holds the Finance Ministry post. He succeeded Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi who did not seek reelection as Umno President. 3. 2 One Malaysia (1Malaysia) The one Malaysia concept comes from Dato Sri Najib Tun Abdul Razak, the sixth Malaysia prime minister.This concept complementary approaches are available for strengthen unity to ensure stability, to progress and higher development of the people and Malaysia. One Malaysia having a slogan â€Å"People First, Performance Now†, this concept fulfils the aspirations of Malaysians in line with the allocation enshrined in the Federal Constitution and National Principles. The slogan ‘People First, Performanc e Now’ is a concept in administration that suggests government leaders execute their tasks efficiently, trustworthily and responsibly for the sake of the people. To achieve development for the country, the people must progress first and this begins with creating an attitude of acceptance among the different races that will lead to unity.Globalization wills raises many victims isolated from the speed of development. Malaysia having different races and religion, we need to act as one race, Malaysia race towards a same goal to built Malaysia progressive and peaceful. The One Malaysian concept seeks to strengthen relationship and cooperation among racial-ethnic people in this country as the main instrument to thwart the various threats and challenges that aim to threaten and disrupt the sanctity of their lives. One Malaysia emphasize attitudes among people understand races, in which people receive a unique race another patch so that we may live together in peace mutual respect as citizens of a country.Our foundation is the principle of justice for all races, which means that the fate of all races will be taken care of, and none will be marginalized. Justice must take into account the status of the progress of the generations are at different levels. One Malaysia is the continuation of nation-building agenda. The pre-condition to achieve developed country by Vision 2020, the most important condition is that country citizens united strong and stable. 3. 3 Objective of One Malaysia One Malaysia concept is having 2 main objectives, implementation of core element blend and application of the aspiration values. The first objective implementation of core elements blend, government try to applying elements of unity as a culture and practice of all Malaysians.The thrust of this unity is the basic component that strengthens the unity among people of all races. Unity is supported by the core values that should underpin the way Malaysians live. There will be 3 main co re unity apply to achieve objective. First, acceptance, one Malaysia emphasize acceptance of the attitude of people of all races, in which a people accepted the uniqueness of the others so that we can live together in mutual respect as a people of one nation. It is a significant increase from just tolerance. Secondly, all races Malaysia learn from the based national principles federal constitution and rukunegara. The last core unity is social justice.All people would be taken care of and no one will be marginalized. This justice must take into account the standards of the races are at different levels. Therefore, government policies and the provisions of the Constitution which gives the defense the needy will continue to be implemented. The three core unity is supported by values. The values are respect, humility, simplicity and being language. The second objective will be application of the aspiration values. These values are founded on the concept of aspiration 1Malaysia; there a re the values that should be on a progressive and dynamic community that will drive the country towards achieving developed nation status.Aspiration values will help in creating a workforce that is viable and able to compete in the global environment and in turn help boost the national economy to a more sturdy and robust. There will be 8 aspiration value, among there are high performance culture, culture accuracy, culture knowledge, integrity, perseverance, loyalty, wisdom and innovation culture. 3. 4 Focusing Economic and Social Our present Prime Minister Dato' Sri Haji Mohd Najib since year 2009 has introduce many economic policies among them, the most famous are new economic model, economic liberalization, reform of government subsidies, free trade agreement and stimulus package.The goal of new economic model was transform Malaysia economic become high income and quality growth by 2020. By 2020 Malaysia will not only have the GNI per capita of a high-income economy, it will als o have a number of the key characteristics of a high-income economy. To achieve the goal by 2020, transformation team PEMAMDU try to increase the service sector account from 58% of GDP in 2010 to 65 percent in 2020. The domestic consumption will be a key driver of growth because private sector will account 59% of GDP by 2020 compare to 54% in 2010. This situation will bring Malaysia as a developed economic country as well as Taiwan and New Zealand.The structure of economic Malaysia will be less dependence on resource-intensive industries such as oil and gas exportation. Malaysia will become more urbanized country because the population will increase from 64% to 70% growth in main city, Kuala Lumpur. The achievement prove that our country is in the way to the goal while greater Kuala Lumpur will be a primary engine of economic growth, there will also be growth opportunities elsewhere in the country such as the development of the solar industry in Sarawak, the development of a global biodiversity hub to attract more tourists to Sabah and the commercialization of paddy farming and improvements in palm oil yields.Malaysia will have grown a number of new national and regional champions by 2020. These companies will drive long-term growth in areas including financial services, business services and healthcare. In addition, SMEs will play a more significant role across the economy. For instance, in education, agriculture and electronics and electrical, SME participation will be actively encouraged through financial support, better access to research and technologies and improving infrastructure. 4. 0 Comparisons Advantages of Both Policies in Unity Development The advantage of One Malaysia is the idea of harmonizing the various races in the country without changing the identity of these groups.The first challenge in vision 2020 establishing a united Malaysian nation made up of one nation Malaysia. One Malaysia remains the characteristic of each races and unity our n ation. Both of the polities is toward to the unity our races but One Malaysia only specified it to remain the specifically of each races. Both of them having advantage compare to the concept of Malaysian Malaysia is a policy that continues to thwart the basis of the existing social structure. Justice proclaimed in the concept of Malaysian Malaysia taken blindly. Unity is described by One Malaysia very different from the concept as practiced in other countries where ethnic identity is removed and replaced with a similar national identity.As we know our county contains different ethnic with different culture. Concept One Malaysia press on acceptance that our entire nation should accept other’s culture and characteristic. The Challenge number 4 in vision 2020 that establishing a fully moral and ethical society. These make sure our society will respect other’s ethic morally. Both of the policies create peaceful society to unity our nation. Concept 1Malaysia appreciates and respects the principles of the Constitution and ruku negara. The ethnic identities of each ethnic group in Malaysia and regard them as assets to be proud of. But Vision 2020 more on fostering and developing a mature democratic society.This will give vice from each group of ethic to voice out and protect their right. Both of the policies bring unity to our country but just in a different ways. In Vision 2020, the challenge number right ensuring an economically just society, in which there is a fair and equitable distribution of the wealth of the nation. This is the justice more on the economic way to unity our nation. In Concept 1Malaysia also emphasizes the integration and the creation of nation Malaysia on the third core unity concept – social justice. Both of the policies is unlike the Malaysian Malaysia is limited to equality regardless of the reality and history of Malaysia. 5. 0 ConclusionAt first glance seem to Vision 2020 is a purely economic vision as it concerned th e question of economic development for Malaysia to become an industrialized nation, but if it is actually more refined than that because it touches on matters related to social aspects and ways of life such as the formation and the nature of race, morality and ethics, national culture, human resource development and others. Vision 2020 is not a slogan proclaimed, but it is a framework for action framework of action for every citizen to take measures and ensure that Malaysia become a truly prosperous and progressive. In this context the vision requires a number of important challenges, including the quality of ork produced by the education system, changes in attitudes and values, emphasis on scientific and technological circumstances, planning, and the role of the private sector more dynamic. 1Malaysia concept brings the aspiration to strengthen race relations to ensure that Malaysians can forge closer unity as outlined. Things should be created in the spirit of solidarity is the sen se of mutual respect and trust between people. People need to understand and practice that all actions necessary to satisfy the national interest. All people need to assume that they are Malaysian race where everything should be enjoyed together. Malaysia is a country where there is no society or people who are marginalized from enjoying the development and defense of the government.Indeed, all people should be the underlying fundamental principles of togetherness and belonging to the success of both policies concept. Bibliography Hasnah Hussiin, Dr Seri Lanang Jaya Hj Rohani. (2008). Malaysian Studies. Malaysia: Meteor Doc. Sdn. Bhd. Mohamad, T. D. (1996). Wawasan 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2011, from Wawasan 2020: http://www. wawasan2020. com/ N. A. (2008, November 14). Perspektif Wawasan 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2011, from 1 Klik: http://pmr. penerangan. gov. my/index. php/component/content/article/88-dasar-dasar-negara/255-perspektif-wawasan-2020. html Razak, D. S. (2009). 1 Malay sia. Malaysia: Pejabat Perdana Menteri.

Advance Accounting 1

Joint Venture103 CHAPTER 6 SOLUTIONS TO MULTIPLE CHOICES 6-1: a Assets per Jessica Company- balance sheetP3,550,000 Jessica’s proportionate interest in assets of JV (50%) 1,000,000 Total assets of JessicaP4550,000 6-2: a Total liabilities only of Jenny Co. 6-3: b 6-4: b Investment of Heart P80,000 Profit share: Sales150,800 Cost of sales (150,800 ? 125%)120,640 Gross profit 30,160 Expenses 10,000 Net Profit 20,160 Profit/loss ratio x 40% 8,064 Balance of investment in JVP88,064 6-5: a CashP190,000 Merchandise inventory 29,360 Accounts receivable 150,800 Total assets 370,160Sweet Co’s, proportionate interest x 60% Sweet Company’s share in total assetP222,096 6-6: a Sales7,200 Cost of sales PurchasesP10,000 Merchandise inventory, end (50% of P10,000)__5,000_5,000 Gross profit2,200 Expenses___500 Net profitP  1,700 104Chapter 6 6-7: b Original investment (cash)P10,000 Profit share (P1,700 / 2)___850 Balance of Investment accountP10,850 6-8: a Joint venture account before profit distribution (credit balance)P  9,000 Unsold merchandise__2,500 Joint venture profit before fee to SalasP11,500 Joint venture profit after fee to Salas (P11,500 / 115%)P10,000 6-9: b Fee of Salas (P10,000 x 15%)P  1,500Profit share of Salas (P10,000 x 25%)_2,500 TotalP  4,000 6-10: b SalasSalve Balance before profit distributionP  Ã‚  500 (dr)P  2,000 (cr) Profit share:Sabas (P10,000 x 40%)4,000 Salve (P10,000 x 35%)_______3,500 BalanceP  3,500 (cr)P  5,500 (cr) 6-11: d Joint venture account balance before profit distribution (debit)P   6,000 Joint venture profit (P4,500 x 3)_13,500 Cost of unsold merchandise (inventory) taken by DanteP19,500 6-12: b Edwin Capital: Debits: Balance before profit distributionP14,000 Credits: Profit share__4,500 Due from Edwin (debit balance)P   9,500 Joint Venture105 Settlement to Ferdie (Balance of capital account)Debits:P  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ0– Credits:Balance before profit distributionP16,000 Profit share__4,500_2 0,500 Due to Ferdie (credit balance)P20,500 Settlement to Dante (balance of JV Cash account) Debits:Balance before cash settlementP30,000 Due from Edwin__9,500P39,500 Credits:Due to Ferdie_20,500 BalanceP19,000 6-13: a JV account balance before profit distribution (cr)P  4,600 Unsold merchandise (required dr balance after profit distribution)__2,000 Joint venture profit before fee to JerryP  6,600 Joint venture profit after fee (P6,600 / 110%)__6,000 Fee to JerryP     600 6-14: d Harry CapitalIsaac Capital Balances before profit distribution(P  Ã‚  200)P  1,800Profit distribution: Harry P6,000 x 50%)3,000 Isaac (P6,000 x 20%)1,200 Cash settlementsP  2,800P   3,000 6-15: b SalesP14,000 Cost of sales: Merchandise inventory, beg (contributions)P14,000 Freight300 Purchases__4,000 Goods available for saleP18,300 Merchandise inventory, end (P8,300/2)__4,15014,150 Gross profit (loss)(150) Expenses (P400 + P200)__600 Net profit (loss)P(  Ã‚  750) 6-16: c Contributions to t he Joint Venture (P5,000 + P8,000)P13,000 Loss share (P750 x 50%)(  Ã‚  Ã‚  375) Unsold merchandise taken (withdrawal)(  Ã‚  4,150) Final settlement to jackP   8,475 106Chapter 6 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS Problem 6 – 1 Books of Blanco (Manager)Books of AblanJV Cash100,000Investment in JV90,000 Joint Venture90,000Merchandise inventory90,000 Cash100,000 Ablan Capital90,000 Joint Venture60,000 JV cash60,000 Joint Venture20,000 JV cash20,000 JV cash200,000 Joint Venture200,000 Computation of JV Profit Total debit to JVP170,000 Total credit to JVP200,000 Credit balance (Profit)P   30,000 Distribution Joint Venture30,000Investment in JV15,000 Profit from JV15,000Profit from JV15,000 Ablan capital15,000 Ablan capital105,000Cash105,000 JV cash105,000Investment in JV105,000 Cash155,000 JV cash155,000 Joint Venture107 Problem 6 – 2 Books of the Joint Venture 1. Computer equipment105,000Ella capital60,000 Fabia capital45,000 2. Purchases80,000 Supplies2,000 Diaz capital82,000 3. Expenses9,000 Diaz capital9,000 4. Cash150,000 Sales150,000 5. Expenses30,000 Cash30,000 6. Merchandise inventory20,000 Ella capital20,000 7. Fabia capital10,000 Cash10,000 8. Adjusting and closing entries: (a)Expenses500 Supplies500 (b)Sales150,000 Income summary150,000 Income summary77,500 Merchandise inventory2,500 Purchases80,000 Income summary39,500 Expenses39,500 Distribution of profit: Income summary33,000 Diaz capital11,000 Ella capital11,000 Fabia capital11,000 108Chapter 6 Books of Diaz (1)Investment in Joint Venture82,000Cash82,000 (2)Investment in Joint Venture9,000 Cash9,000 (3)To record profit share: Investment in Joint Venture11,000 Profit from Joint Venture11,000 Books of Ella: (1)Investment in Joint Venture60,000 Computer equipment60,000 (2)Investment in Joint Venture20,000 Merchandise inventory20,000 (3)To record profit share: Investment in Joint Venture11,000 Profit from Joint Venture11,000 Books of Fabia: (1)Investment in Joint Venture45,000 Computer equipmen t45,000 (2)Cash10,000 Investment in Joint Venture10,000 (3)To record profit share: Investment in Joint Venture11,000 Profit from Joint Venture11,000 Joint Venture109 Problem 6 – 3 1)No Separate Set of Joint Venture Books is Used Books of Duran (Manager) May1:Joint Venture12,500 Castro capital12,000 Cash500 7:JV cash10,000 Bueno capital10,000 26:Joint Venture9,500 JV cash9,500 30:JV accounts receivable16,000 Joint Venture16,000 June30:JV cash15,000 JV accounts receivable15,000 27:JV cash9,000 Joint Venture9,000 30:To record unsold merchandise taken by Duran: Merchandise inventory3,000 Joint Venture3,000 To record profit distribution: Joint Venture6,000 Profit from JV2,000 Bueno capital2,000 Castro capital2,000 To record settlements: Bueno capital12,000 Castro capital14,000 JV cash24,500 Cash1,500Accounts receivable1,000 JV accounts receivable1,000 110Chapter 6 Books of Bueno May7:Investment in Joint Venture10,000 Cash10,000 June30:Investment in Joint Venture2,000 Profit from J oint Venture2,000 Cash12,000 Investment in Joint Venture12,000 Books of Castro May1:Investment in Joint Venture12,000 Merchandise inventory12,000 June30:Investment in Joint Venture2,000 Profit from Joint Venture2,000 Cash14,000 Investment in Joint Venture14,000 (2)A Separate Set of Books is used: Books of the Joint Venture May1:Merchandise inventory12,500 Castro capital12,000 Duran capital500 7:Cash10,000 Bueno capital10,000 26:Purchases9,500 Cash9,500 0:Accounts receivable16,000 Sales16,000 June20:Cash15,000 Accounts receivable15,000 27:Cash9,000 Sales9,000 Joint Venture111 June 30:Closing entries: Sales25,000 Income summary25,000 Income summary19,000 Merchandise inventory, end3,000 Merchandise inventory12,500 Purchases9,500 Distribution of profit: Income summary6,000 Bueno capital2,000 Castro capital2,000 Duran capital2,000 Settlements to Venturers: Bueno capital12,000 Castro capital14,000 Duran capital2,500 Merchandise inventory3,000 Accounts receivable1,000 Cash24,500 Books of D uran (Manager/Operator) May1:Investment in Joint Venture500 Cash500 June30:Investment in Joint Venture2,000Profit from Joint Venture2,000 Cash2,500 Investment in Joint Venture2,500 Books of Bueno and Castro (Same as in No. 1 requirement) 112Chapter 6 Problem 6 – 4 (1)Books of Seiko (Manager/Operator) April1:JV Cash102,000 Notes payable – PNB34,000 Roles capital34,000 Timex capital34,000 May:Joint venture64,100 Cash16,300 Rolex capital7,800 June:Rolex capital30,000 JV cash30,000 Joint venture111,400 Cash37,400 Rolex capital64,700 Timex capital9,300 July:Cash40,000 Rolex capital15,000 Timex capital10,000 JV cash65,000 Joint venture55,770 Cash13,970 Rolex capital31,240 Timex capital10,560 August:Cash45,000 Rolex capital67,000Timex capital13,500 JV cash125,500 Joint venture30,600 Cash9,730 Rolex capital16,560 Timex capital4,310 To record sales: JV cash (P421,000 x 96%)404,160 Joint venture404,160 Joint Venture113 To record payment of loan to PNB: Notes payable – PNB 34,000 Rolex capital34,000 Timex capital34,000 Joint venture (Interest expense)8,000 JV cash110,000 To record distribution of profit: Joint venture134,290 Gain from JV (30%)40,287 Rolex capital (60%)80,574 Timex capital (10%)13,429 Computed as follows: Total debits tot he JV accountP269,870 Total credits to the JV account_404,160 Gain (credit balance)P134,290 To record settlement: Cash32,687Rolex capital128,874 Times capital14,099 JV cash175,660 Computations: Settlement to Rolex – Balance of capital account: Debits:JuneP30,000 July15,000 August67,000 Payment of note payable_34,000P146,000 Credits:April 1P34,000 May47,800 June64,700 July31,240 August16,560 Profit share_80,574__274,874 Credit balanceP 128,874 114Chapter 6 Settlement to timex – Balance of capital account Debits:JulyP  10,000 August13,500 Payment of loan__34,000P  57,500 Credits:April 1P  34,000 June9,300 July10,560 August4,310 Profit share__13,429_71,599 Credit balanceP  14,099 Settlement to Seiko – Balance of JV cash account Debits:April 1P102,000Loan proceeds_404,160P506,160 Credits:JuneP  30,000 July65,000 August125,500 Payment of loan_110,000_330,500 Balance of JV cash175,660 Less:Settlement to RolexP128,874 Settlement to Timex__14,099_142,973 Settlement to SeikoP   32,687 (2)Partial Balance Sheet June 30, 2008 Books of Seiko (Manager/operator) Current assets: Investment in joint Venture: Joint Venture assets: CashP  72,000 Joint Venture_175,500P247,500 Less:Equity of other venturers (P116,500 + P43,300)_159,80087,700 Current liabilities: Notes payable – PNB34,000 Joint Venture115 Computation of balances as of June 30, 2008: JV CashJoint Venture April 1P102,000P30,000JuneMayP   64,100BalanceP   72,000June_111,400 BalanceP175,500 Notes PayableRolex capital P34,000AprilJuneP  30,000P  34,000April 1 47,800May _________64,700June P  30,000P146,500 P116,500 Timex capital P34,000April __9,000June P43,300 Problem 6 – 5 Consolidated Balance S heet CashP  61,000 Receivables122,000 Inventory102,500 Other assets__40,500 Total assetsP326,000 Accounts payableP  61,000 Other liabilities96,500 Capital stock50,000 Retained earnings_118,500 Total liabilities and stockholders' equityP326,000 Consolidated Income Statement SalesP246,750 Cost of sales_124,750 Gross profit122,000 Operating expenses__58,250 Consolidated net incomeP   63,750 16Chapter 6 Problem 6 –6 (a)Journal entries on venture books June 15:Cash1,000,000 MacDo1,000,000 Initial contribution at 6% July 1:Land2,400,000 Mortgage payable1,650,000 Cash 750,000 Purchased land for cash and 6% mortgage. Aug 1:Cash1,100,000 MacDo1,100,000 Additional contribution at 6%. Land 950,000 Cash 950,000 Paid for improvements. Sept 30:Mortgage payable 250,000 Interest expense- Mortgage 3,750 Cash 253,750 Reduced mortgage and paid interest. Oct 31:Mortgage payable 400,000 Interest expense- Mortgage 8,000 Cash 408,000 Reduced mortgage and paid interest. Nov 30:Mortgage payable 300,000Interest expense- Mortgage 7,500 Cash 307,500 Reduced mortgage and paid interest. Dec 31:Mortgage payable 200,000 Interest expense- Mortgage 21,000 Cash 221,000 Reduced mortgage and make semi-annual interest payment. Joint Venture117 31:Cash2,600,000 Sales2,600,000 Sales to date. 31:Commissions 130,000 Cash 130,000 P2,600,000 x 5% 31:Expenses 628,100 Cash 628,100 Paid expenses 31:Interest expense- Venturer 60,000 MacDo 60,000 6% on P1,000,000 from June 15 to December 31, and on P1,100,000 from August 1 to December 31. 31:Sales2,600,000 Land (cost of land sold)1,145,000 Expenses 628,100 Commissions 130,000Interest expense- mortgage 40,250 Interest- venturer 60,000 Income summary 596,650 To close income and expense accounts. 31:Income summary 596,650 MacDo 596,650 MacEn 238,660 To divide gain, 60:40. 31:MacDo 801,650 Cash 801,650 Payment on account. (b)Journal entries on MacDo’s books: June 15:Investment in Joint Venture1,000,000 Cash1,000,000 Initial contribution. Aug 1:Investment in Joint Venture1,100,000 Cash1,100,000 Additional contribution. 118Chapter 6 Dec 31:Investment in Joint Venture 60,000 Interest income 60,000 Interest earned on cash advanced. 31:Investment in Joint Venture 357,990Gain on Joint Venture 357,990 60% of gain on venture. 31:Cash 801,650 Investment in Joint Venture 801,650 Repayment in part of advances. (c)MacDo and MacEn Joint Venture Income Statement For the period from June 15 to December 31, 2008 SalesP2,600,000 Cost of land sold: LandP2,400,000 Improvements 950,000 TotalP3,350,000 Unsold land 2,205,000 1,145,000 Gross profit 1,455,000 Expenses: Advertising and office expensesP 628,100 Interest on mortgage 40,250 Interest on advances 60,000 Commissions 130,000 858,350 Net gainP 596,650 Distributions: MacDo (P596,650 x 60%)P 357,990 MacEn (P596,650 x 40%) 238,660Mac Do and MacEn Joint Venture Balance Sheet December 31, 2008 Assets CashP 250,000 Land 2,205,000 Total AssetsP2,455,000 Liabilities and equity: Mortgage payabl eP 500,000 MacDo 1,716,340 MacEn 238,660 Total liabilities and equityP2,455,000 Joint Venture119 Venturers equity (interest) MacDoMacEnTotal InvestedP2,100,000P2,100,000 Shares: GainP 357,990P238,660P 596,650 Interest on advances 60,000 60,000 Commissions 130,000 130,000 Total 417,990 368,660 786,650 Balances 2,517,990 368,660 2,886,650 Withdrawn (801,650) (130,000) (931,650) Equity (interests)P1,716,340P238,660P1,955,000

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Barrack Obama's Presidential Campaign in 2008 and Web 2.0 Essay

Barrack Obama's Presidential Campaign in 2008 and Web 2.0 - Essay Example The concept Politics 2.0 can be identified as the ideology that social networking and e-participation technologies can be used for modernising the public in seeking, reacting, and influencing political campaigns. As Daniel Nations points out, clearly understanding the communication techniques is the centre of a politician’s arsenal, whereas anticipating the future communication techniques can be the furtive sword for them to win the battle; and â€Å"for Franklin D. Roosevelt, it was radio, for John F. Kennedy, it was television, and for Barack Obama, it was social media† (about.com, n.d.). Politics  2.0 Today the society is highly fused with the network of computers and it has further changed the way one interacts with the Internet. In other words, the time people spent on Internet has significantly changed, and instead of gathering information dumped to them, they reach out to the rest of the world to listen what others have to say on any subject. In the opinion of Kreiss and Howard (2010), Obama has changed the face of politics in America, and as he used Web 2.0 in his presidential campaign, he gave the American people a voice in politics (1032-35). The ideology of politics 2.0 was first used during the political operatives of 2004 US presidential elections, when the enthusiasts of the Draft Clark campaign and of Vermont Governor Howard Dean made use of it. The most recent intervention of the politics 2.0 was seen during the trials of Obama’s campaign. Before launching his campaign, Barack Obama had a firm view that a fundamental understanding of communication had always been the prime tool of a successful politician’s arsenal and having a clear idea on the future of communication is the secret weapon that fights the battle (FC Barcelona). Obama's own social network had turned out to stage a protest of his attitude on a federal wiretapping bill, proving that social networking can cut both ways. Obama was able to shift the campai gn from the classical methods into the digital age by exploiting the advantages of Web 2.0, utilising it as the prime podium of his presidential campaign. He was efficient in turning the Web 2.0 into a major force behind his campaign, diversifying it through YouTube, blogging, and Social networking. Barack Obama and the ‘New Media’ The official website The official website, BarakObama.com was designed efficiently that any user could navigate through the site easily. The presentation and the layout of the website were surprisingly eye-catching with lots of information and continuous updates, which included links to articles, videos and gallery of Barak Obama (BarakObama.com). Moreover, the website did not remain just as a presentation, instead it was a multifaceted platform where the viewers could make calls in supporting Obama, volunteer programmes, or donate to the fundraising events. In the same way, the ‘My.BarakObama.Com’ section of the website enhanced a special platform for the youngsters who are already on the social sites, allowing them to create their own blogs or groups within the website with access to photos and videos. Social Media Social media can be considered as the living environment or necessary tool for the youth, where a lot of marketing strategies seem working. From the records (Guido, 2011), the social media network created by the campaign team contained about 3,500,000 friends for Obama, besides having the huge online subscriptions on

Strategic Financial Concerns for a Typical International Investment Essay

Strategic Financial Concerns for a Typical International Investment Project - Essay Example International projects quintessentially engross a broader array of issues than domestic projects and efficaciously, the extrinsic movement from one's own business authority exclaims many unknowns. The factors that influence the investment decisions of the owner with international capital amenities can appear to be a bit intricate and may differ considerably from plan to plan. According to Walewski and Gibson, the accomplishment of a particular project can depend upon a comprehension of the stakes related to such projects. International projects with meticulous reference to investment which are not able to meet factors like possibilities, resources, and schedule often accrue in an array of influences with crucial financial, social, and political consequences (Walewski and Gibson, 2003). Most of the industry psychoanalysts like Hann and Diekmann construe to the fact that the globalization of international investment market facilitates with tremendous opportunities for business individuals to expand in to new-fangled foreign markets (Hann and Diekmann, 2002). Economic and financial stakes influence the selection of project delivery and documents where currency vacillation impersonates a vital role in resolving the segment of the project which can be contracted for represented overseas. According to Kumar et. al, factors like policy corruption is a critical factor in determining the currency crises (Kumar et. al, 1999). Innumerable risks and risk-associated procedures, when assessed by Dias and Ionnou, related to the fact that there are generally two kinds of risk: 1. Pure risk when there is likelihood for financial thrashing and no likelihood for financial gain 2. Tentative risk which is involved with the likelihood of both gains and thrashings (Dias and Ionnou, 1995). Many contracted projects are featured by the incongruity between the contracted date and the payment date (Mehrez and Regev, 1983). It is commonly viewed that such a situation is largely engrossed with ambiguities regarding the cost payments, both innate for the project and the investor who has to ensure sufficient funds for the payment time. However, it can be presumed that the decision maker is in possession of an assortment with both liquid as well as non-liquid assets, and it is exorbitantly pricey to bring into use the non-liquid assets in order to finance the projects. Moreover, the liquid assets or the budget are adequate to the project and can be somewhat deferred for the project, thereby, springing a low return, and partly be utilized for an optional long series of Financial Plan with high

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Past, Present, and Future Paper - Essay Example In general, my major motive behind learning of this particular course of drug abuse was to develop my career as a licensed substance abuse counselor and to serve community to promote healthy living habits among the people. I feel that learning is extremely important and must be continued in order to keep our skill sharp and inculcate creativity and innovation in ourselves. Before involving in pursing course in substance abuse, my professional competencies regarding various skills such as written and oral communication, problem solving, and cooperation with the other members were moderate. Notably, I had moderate communication skills both in written as well as oral forms. In my professional life I used to involve in evaluating technical data and apply my logical and analytical problem skills in resolving work related issues. At the same time, I enjoyed taking challenges, I believed that challenges encountered in life not only test our level of competency but it also prepares me to deal with challenges that might emanate in later life. Moreover, I had fair competency with respect to the information retrieval and utilization, I often used to read of books and journals on diverse subjects that had offered me with valuable knowledge regarding information retrieval and utilization. I firmly believe that goal setting is a crucial part of my career as well as personnel development planning. Considering my strengths and weaknesses my career goal is to become a license substance abuse counselor so that I can help the drug abuse victims and their family overcomes their sufferings. I always viewed drug abuse as one of the major problems faced by the societies across the world. Thus, it made me motivated to opt for the course and develop career that would not only benefit me but also the community. When I was working with a non-profit health

Business security and globalization issues in Canada and Mexico Research Paper

Business security and globalization issues in Canada and Mexico - Research Paper Example CTA represents the trucking industry’s perspective on national and global policy, general and legal regulations that affect trucking. In Canada, 90% of items like food and consumer goods are carried by the trucking industry across the country. This industry reaches out to provide its services to almost every town, city and community of Canada. 70% of trading relation between Canada and US and 50% of trading relation between Canada and Mexico comprises of the trucking industry. In spite of the fact that few very large and public limited companies form the Canada Trucking industry, yet it is ruled by thousands of businesses of medium and small sizes and independent businesses which are operated by the owners. Most of such businesses are owned and run by Canadians. In 2000, trucking industry in Canada garnered freight revenue of $48 billion. Out of the 400,000 people employed by this industry, the number of drivers is over 260,000. (â€Å"Submission on the Canada-United States o f America Trade Relationship and the Canada-Mexico Trade Relationship†) Effects of US Security Initiatives The initiatives taken under the Smart Border Accord could challenge the ability of the Canadian carriers to participate in the trading relationship with US unless an appropriate balance in trade/security is maintained with the US. To influence the border policy decisions of US, Canada has to maintain a strong partnership with the Americans in the field of border and security efficiency. Substantial steps must be taken by both countries to tackle national security concerns as well as to ensure smooth flow of low risk commercial freight across the border. As long as border security is not addressed properly economies of both country and especially economy of Canada is bound to suffer. Investments should be made on infrastructure like tunnels and bridges to expand the crossing capacity in the Canada-US border. Both United States and Canadian governments should support the us e of FAST cards as substitute of the Transportation Workers Identity Card developed in the US. (â€Å"Submission on the Canada-United States of America Trade Relationship and the Canada-Mexico Trade Relationship†) Trucking industry in Mexico Commercial transport in Mexico is dominated by its trucking industry. Mexico’s truck fleet increased by 85% between the years 1989 and 1992 due to government’s deregulation of the industry. Till 1989, Canada’s truck fleet could run only on certain routes and could carry only certain types of cargo. This led to inefficiency within the industry. Since 1992, trucks can run over any road within the country and can carry all kinds of cargo except the dangerous and explosive ones. This has resulted in doubling the number of trucks in Mexico and due to intensified competition costs have also fallen drastically. (Nolan, 308) Canada and Mexico’s Trade with the United States Canada and the United States are the largest t rading partners of each other. Canada exports 87% of its total exports to the United States every year and the United States sells 22% of its total exports to Canada. Every day over 37,000 trucks cross the border of Canada and the United States and Canada receives 50% of all automotive exports of US. Of total trade in Canada, trucks carry 70% with US and 50% with Mexico. Mexico is the sixth largest trading p

Operational Definition and Model Building; Introduction to Scanning Assignment - 1

Operational Definition and Model Building; Introduction to Scanning - Assignment Example changes are those that are leading towards even more changes as has been seen in case of the entertainment industry as well as the ways in which the information is delivered. In this way not only the production of these packages is affected but also the ways in which they are produced and consumed. These are only some of the institutions that have been seen to be affected by the IT related innovations but here the point that needs to be emphasized is the changes in the social lives of the community citizens with an understanding towards the roles that are to be played in the society. Moreover the political lives and interactions on the political level have also changed. There have been many arguments in this regard as it has been said that with an addition in the technologies as emails, online discussions as well as the fact availability of information as these are the reason that will lead to the formation of a society that shall be more engaged, more informed as well as a participatory society in which the society members will be more inclined towards the computers as well as the internet. In this kind of society the human interest as well as beliefs is the ones that can be manipulated. These are all the changes that are to be argued in case of there pros and cons. In this case there has been no realization as to what can be the meaning deduced from these changes and if these are the positive changes or negative changes as they seem. With this it has to be seen that are the colligated changes as are seen in the community’s social lives are going to bring out any positive effect or any negative effect. As has been discussed there are some changes that are going to be shoeing there moderate effects as well as there are some changes that will have lesser effects on the social lives still there are many that can have dire consequences. In this very argument the main part of discussion can be the usage of these technologies especially the internet. The highest

Positive Relationship with Children Essay Example for Free

Positive Relationship with Children Essay 1.1. Positive relationships with children and young people are important because when children feel comfortable they separate more easily from their parents, and are more likely to participate in activities if they secure emotionally. Also when children have positive relationships they are less likely to show unwanted behaviour as we can recognise and meet their individual needs. Childrens language will also develop more quickly due to being confident to talk to us. Us as practitioners can also plan more accurately as we’ll understand childrens development and we will know their individual interests. It is also important as we will be able to respond to a Childs emotions due to their facial expressions and the way they are acting when we know them and have a bond with them. We also have to remember that we are to build professional relationships. The principles of relationship building and to keep them maintained are communicating effectively, identifying and sorting out conflicts and disagreements, being consistent and fair, showing respect and courtesy, valuing and respecting individuality, keeping promises and honouring commitments, monitoring impact of own behaviour on others, keeping confidentiality as appropriate and recognising and responding appropriately to the power base underpinning relationships. 1.2. Observation 1.3. My own effectiveness in building relationships with children or young people is that when you get to know each child individually i feel more comfortable, because i know they feel comfortable due to them knowing me and respecting them. I involve all the children in my activities no matter what the age gap unless the activitiy is un suiteable for that age group. I ensure in myself that i treat each child in the same way, as no child has higher priority than the other they all get treated fairly. I also feel like i have achieved building relationships with the children when you see them after a weekend or the next day because they smile and are excited to come to nursery again. 2.1. Positive relationships with people involved in the care of children and young people are important. Other people involved other than their family are organisational managers, carers, other visitors, colleagues from other agencies and services, external partners, official visitors, and colleagues. If we do not have positive relationships with these people involved in the childrens lives that attend nursery there is danger that information might be passed un –accurately and that it is withheld because we may not be trusted. It is important that we all work together to build trust with everyone and the benefits the child will get if we do so are children are given consistent care, childrens needs and interests are identified, plans for childrens care and education are more effective, childrens welfare can be properly monitored, and skills and ideas can be shared quickly between adults.

Impact of imaginative play on young children

Impact of imaginative play on young children Play is a fundamental aspect of early childhood. Through play, young children can begin to explore and understand the world around them from an early age, whilst simultaneously gaining a sense of enjoyment from what they are saying and doing. Piaget (1962), cited in Ariel (2002), identified four general developmental stages of play; these increase in complexity as the child matures. These stages are, in chronological order: functional play, constructive play, imaginative play and games with rules. Therefore, it can be argued that imaginative play, as part of a sequence, builds on the skills learnt and nurtured through constructive play, and prepares children for play situations involving rules and other constraints. Bodrova (2008), however, disagrees with this notion by arguing that rules must be an integral part of imaginative play. These rules are not determined by the children themselves, but by the constraints of the imaginary roles that they are playing. It is therefore possible that, in many cases, imaginative play overlaps into other types of play and incorporates more advanced and regulated thought processes than may be superficially apparent when observing what happens during imaginative play. What happens during imaginative play? Vygotsky (1986), cited in Bodrova (2008), emphasises that three elements need to be present for a play situation to be defined as imaginative: an imaginary situation, the playing of roles and the formulation of rules intrinsic to each assigned role. Singer (1994) echoes this sentiment by stressing the point that one or more children playing roles does not, in itself, constitute imaginative play: this is a misconception held by many people, including early years educators. The use of the word imaginary is, however, misleading to a certain extent. According to observations by Dockett (1998), the majority of make-believe situations do not take place in fantasy worlds with fairies and monsters; rather, they are situations drawn from the childs own memories and experiences. These can be, but are not restricted to, examples of what they have seen and heard at home and school. Another view of what constitutes imaginative play is held by Ariel (2002), who regards it as a kind of mental activity rather than a genre of external behaviour. More emphasis is placed on the thought processes required to create an imaginary situation than the words and actions involved during its enactment. These involve a child bringing mental images to life and identifying how they are being represented in real life, but also acknowledging that they are doing it for fun. It is the simultaneous combination of these thought processes that differentiate imaginative play from other types of play such as functional and constructive play. It can therefore be argued that the child must have reached a certain level of cognitive functionality to be able to think in such an ambivalent way about the way they are playing. However, no specific mention of the manipulation of and interaction with objects is made in either of these definitions. Although the use of objects is not a prerequisite of imaginative play, they can play a major part in the visualisation and representation of a fantasy (Tsao, 2002). Such objects could include, but are by no means limited to: toys, movable objects such as chairs and boxes, immovable objects such as tables and beds, and costumes. Smith (1995) discusses the way that, in imaginative play, objects can be transformed into other things to perpetuate the fantasy. However, no recognition is made of the way in which objects, once transformed, can assume different properties, such as size and shape, depending on both the imaginary situation and the type of imaginative play taking place. What types of imaginative play are there? Imaginative play is one of the general developmental stages of play. However, there are substages within this level that are dependent upon the childs mental development. Ariel (2002) identifies three stages: firstly, solitary play, where the child enacts everyday experiences; secondly, parallel play, where the child starts to introduce other characters to their experiences (although the child always plays the central role); and thirdly, sociodramatic play, which is much more structured and less self-centred. Each of these substages is assigned to different years of the childs life, although it must be stressed that these are approximations based on Ariels view of how well developed the average child should be at each stage. Furthermore, these stages appear to be discrete; it is not made clear how one level develops into the next, and what internal or external factors cause this development. In contrast, Dockett (1998) states that there are only two types of imaginative play: simple and complex. According to his observations, there must be six distinct elements present for it to be considered complex play: imitative role-play; make-believe with objects; make-believe with actions and situations; persistence; interaction; and verbal communication. There are no classifications made between these two extremes; from this, it can be concluded that, if one or more elements cannot be observed, then it is simple play. Another important point to consider is that, unlike Ariels stages of imaginative play, no clear timescale is given regarding the age and developmental stage of the child with relation to these two stages of imaginative play. However, the two elements of interaction and verbal communication suggest that more developmentally advanced forms of imaginative play can only take place when a child is involved with other children, rather than playing independently. Imaginative play can take place with or without objects or props (Singer, 1994). Singer argues that non-toy objects, such as chairs and cardboard boxes, are used more frequently in all types of imaginative play than objects defined as toys, such as dolls and model cars. The reason for this is that toys are often limited in the number of functions they can serve in the childs imagination due to their close link with reality. Taking the aforementioned model car as an example, it looks like a real car (but is obviously considerably smaller). It would be difficult to transform it into any other object or creation. Similarly, it is limited in its functionality; it can be pushed or pulled around on different surfaces, but it cannot effectively interact with other objects in general. Conversely, the simple cardboard box provides a range of possibilities for transformation and interaction, as illustrated by an observation by Singer (1994): upon seeing the box, a child calls another to say, I ts the best toy ever! Its a fort and a space shuttle, a bus, a pirate ship, a sled, a clubhouse, and a castle. What is not clarified, however, is the authors opinion on whether or not the use of toys is beneficial, both to imaginative play itself, and to developing young childrens skills and attributes. What skills and attributes can be developed as a result of imaginative play? During the early years of childrens lives, it is important that they develop a range of skills and attributes that will further their development both in and out of school. Broadly speaking, these skills and attributes fall into three categories: social, emotional and cognitive. According to Tsao (2002), childrens participation in imaginative play can facilitate their integration into peer groups through the elements of collaboration and interaction, which are in turn underpinned by verbal and non-verbal communication. This benefit is, however, dependent on the child being at the stage where they choose to play with others rather than independently. Ariel (2002) builds on this concept of collaboration in particular by arguing that children often transfer conflicts to the realm of imagination. This involves resolving personal differences that may arise during imaginative play without breaking character or leaving the confines of the imaginary situation. By doing this, the children are able to continue playing together without the risk of altercation in reality. It can be argued that this type of interaction can initiate the development of rudimentary diplomacy and empathy skills, even at a relatively early age. A different view is held by Bodrova (2008), who believes that such forms of social development, whilst important in their own right, cannot be realised without the prior building blocks of emotional development. She argues that self-esteem and self-confidence are the two emotions that benefit the most through imaginative play, and the best way to start this process is to play independently with objects and toys rather than with others. However, no distinct link is made between the stages of individual and shared play: it is unclear how these emotions, particularly self-confidence, can be developed without some form of initial interaction. Singer (1994), on the other hand, takes the view that the most important aspect of imaginative play is the way in which it brings both pleasure and a large degree of emotional satisfaction to the child or children participating in it. This serves to highlight the issue that, above all, imaginative play should be fun. Through this sense of enjoyment, children will benefit emotionally without being aware of it. It can therefore be argued that the childs need for emotional fulfilment can be a reason for, as well as a consequence of, imaginative play. Opinions are divided regarding the most significant benefit to childrens cognitive development through imaginative play. Smith (1995) and Tsao (2002) emphasise the strong link between imaginative play and creativity. Although it could be argued that this connection is self-evident, due to the intrinsically creative nature of imaginative play, it is nevertheless important to acknowledge its existence. Another important point to note is the fact that children can also develop creativity outside the medium of play by, for example, writing stories and drawing pictures. Imaginative play, while important in its own right, is simply one part of the whole process of developing creativity in children. Conversely, Singer (1994) and Ariel (2002), whilst accepting the potential benefits to childrens creative skills, believe that the development of academically related skills is a more significant consequence of imaginative play. These include, but are by no means limited to, the enhancement of vocabulary by practising new words (Singer, 1994) and the advancement of basic decision-making skills (Ariel, 2002). In imaginative play, children need to identify what objects are (especially if they have been transformed to suit the imaginary situation), what different places and characters are called, and so on. These words will be used repeatedly throughout the play episode; therefore, it is not only good practice for children to say and hear them, but it also facilitates effective verbal communication and keeps the imaginary situation going. In addition, situations frequently arise where children, whilst playing a role, need to make choices regarding, for example, how to react to something someone else has said or done, what object to use, or where to go next. As before, this decision-making process, which is often quick and well improvised, according to observations by Ariel (2002), is another essential way to keep the imaginary situation going. These skills, along with many others, can be beneficial to the childrens holistic development, not only in an imaginative play situation, but also in other areas of their lives. Are these skills and attributes transferable to other areas of the childrens lives? The skills and attributes developed in imaginative play can also be beneficial both to the development of the childs state of mind and their behaviour, particularly with regard to what is required of them as they advance through the education system. Singer (1994) holds the belief that children can sustain themselves in periods of stress with the hope generated from such imagined explorations. This stress could be caused by any of a number of contributory factors, such as an increased academic workload or an unsettled home life. However, imaginative play allows children to detach themselves from reality, albeit on a temporary basis. According to research by Ariel (2002), this time out can have a calming effect on the child, by pacifying them and providing them with ways out of their emotional entanglements. What is unclear, however, is how long this calming effect continues. The question remains of whether the use of imaginative play for this purpose of emotional detachment is a long -term solution to stress-related issues, or merely a short-term fix. Revisiting an earlier theme, Bodrova (2008) states that rules, determined by the roles played by the children, are an integral part of imaginative play. She extends this point by arguing that this following of rules can contribute to a childs readiness for formal schooling, where they will have to abide by sets of class and school rules. During their participation in imaginative play, the child has to promote their intentional behaviours and follow the directions of others so that the imaginary situation can progress. According to research by Blair (2002), cited in Bodrova (2008), the practice of this self-regulation of behaviour by playing by the rules in imaginative play often transfers itself to non-play contexts where predetermined sets of rules exist, such as formal classroom settings. The child will be more inclined to follow these new sets of rules, and their behaviour will improve as a consequence. One other important behavioural aspect, particularly with regard to younger children, is paying attention and the ability to concentrate. Generally speaking, younger children have a much shorter attention span than older children (Dockett, 1998). It is important for children to be attentive and focused when they are faced with formalised situations later on in their schooling, such as assemblies and tests. According to research by Smith (1995), participation in imaginative play focuses childrens minds on the situation in hand, and they become totally immersed in the roles they are playing. One observation by Smith (1995) was of a group of children playing castles. One child was allocated the task of sentry duty: this involved keeping watch from the top of the castle while some other children played soldiers going about their daily business inside the castle. The sentrys role was to warn the soldiers if the enemy (played by three other children) was approaching. The child playing the sentry role considered his task to be highly important, and was able to maintain a high level of concentration throughout, pretending to look in all directions and scanning the imaginary horizon. Smith (1995) argues that these higher concentration and attention levels in imaginative play will permeate into non-play contexts. However, it can be argued that this will not necessarily happen in the case of all children, because acting in an imaginary role is one matter; behaving in real-life situations is another matter entirely. Much depends on the character and personality of the child, and the behaviour expected of the child by the adults in their life. What roles can early years practitioners, parents and other adults take in imaginative play? Imaginative play can happen in any setting, both in childrens school and home lives. According to the evidence gathered so far, the same opinion is shared: it is important for adults to play some sort of role in childrens imaginative play. However, opinion is divided on the issue in two key respects: the level and timing of intervention, and the purpose of intervention. With regard to the level and timing of intervention, Singer (1994) believes that parents and practitioners should initiate imaginative play and then step back and allow the children to play on their own. In effect, the adults give the children an initial idea, and the imaginative play stems from this stimulus. This is not necessary in all cases, however, as many children will formulate their own ideas independently. Conversely, Bodrova (2008) takes the view that all children, regardless of the development of their play skills, require higher levels of adult mediation if they are to benefit from imaginative play in any social, emotional or cognitive way. As a reasonable proportion of imaginary situations are drawn from the childs past personal experiences (Dockett, 1998), one possible way to address this issue is to take an active approach by introducing the children to new experiences (Bodrova, 2008). These can include field trips to suitable locations, and child-friendly books and v ideos that relate to suitable, interesting topics. This will give children a greater knowledge base from which to draw their imaginary situations and characters, thus increasing the variety of their imaginative play. With regard to the purpose of intervention, children can be advised, if necessary, on how to construct imaginary situations and enact imaginary roles. This often takes the form of the modelling of play skills (Ariel, 2002; Tsao, 2002), such as co-operation and the invention of characters. This is particularly important if the child has shown themselves to be less advanced in these areas. This is not necessary in all cases; sometimes, childrens play skills may have developed independently and instinctively. In contrast, Smith (1995) believes that the most important reason for adult involvement in imaginative play is to facilitate the achievement of particular educational and instructional goals. He argues that imaginative play has a better chance of nurturing key life skills if the adults in the childrens lives encourage it and participate in it whenever possible. One active way for adults to participate in this developmental process is to take the child out for walks in order to teac h them about the world around them, highlighting points of interest along the way, and answering any questions the child may have about what they can see, hear and so on. This will assist in the development of key life skills such as confidence and the awareness of ones surroundings. In addition, this helps to expand the childs knowledge base through questions and simple explanations. All of these qualities will be important in the childs home and school life in the future. Further research questions In what kinds of ways can objects in imaginative play contexts assume different properties? At what age or stage of development do children engage in simple and complex play? Is it preferable to use toys and other objects in imaginative play? If so, why? If not, why not? How effective is the participation in imaginative play as a long-term solution to stress-related issues? Do any theorists believe that imaginative play should have minimal or no adult mediation or involvement? If so, who and why?

Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen Essay -- English Literature

Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen Since the threat of war in some part of the world everyday and because of the colossal impact that it has had on our lives, it doesn't seem surprising that it is a popular theme of poetry. Sonnets are an extremely passionate form of poetry, used to show how the poet feels in their heart; both Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen create this passion in excellent, but very different ways. "Anthem for Doomed Youth" by Wilfred Owen is a Shakespearean sonnet reflecting on the callous life at war. Owen wrote this poem during his four months at Craiglockhart, a war hospital, whilst recovering from trench fever. Faced with many fatally injured men, this must have inspired him to write a great deal. Unlike Brooke's poem "The Soldier", Owen portrays, not a glorified or heroic war, but a realistic war. Rupert Brooke, having not witnessed war, had attitudes showing the hysteria of war in 1914 projected to him, and knowing no different he had to believe it. The title "Anthem for Doomed Youth" has a huge sense of deliberate irony, stressing how brainless war appears to Owen. To Brooke on the other hand, war is far from pointless; it is something one does to receive admiration from their nation. Our first thought of an "Anthem" is a song of pride, love, passion and honor, but when such a word is followed by "doom", it takes away the glee and puts a feeling of misery, implying an inevitable death, in replacement. "Youth" also used in the title adds to the horror, as these are men with their whole lives in front of them. Full of solemn comparisons, it is a poem about the traditional funeral being substituted by the one that war has created. Owen writes" What passing-bells for these who die a... ...cally, ahead of his time, that war is not, by any means, right. However there is genuine optimism in Brooke's poem, to him, it was an honour to fight for his country; it was an honour to die for your country. Out of both of these sonnets my favorite has to be "Anthem for Doomed Youth" by Wilfred Owen. I like the way that he includes the reader in the sonnet from the very start. I also can relate to Owen's poem and I find it more thought provoking as I can't even begin to be in agreement to Brooke's reasoning behind "The Soldier", but this does shows me the attitude cultivated from the home front. With both of these sonnets, being so different, it brings me to a thorough understanding of both backgrounds and attitudes. The contrast between Owen and Brooke allows the reader to see the reality of the First World War from two totally different perspectives. Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen Essay -- English Literature Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen Since the threat of war in some part of the world everyday and because of the colossal impact that it has had on our lives, it doesn't seem surprising that it is a popular theme of poetry. Sonnets are an extremely passionate form of poetry, used to show how the poet feels in their heart; both Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen create this passion in excellent, but very different ways. "Anthem for Doomed Youth" by Wilfred Owen is a Shakespearean sonnet reflecting on the callous life at war. Owen wrote this poem during his four months at Craiglockhart, a war hospital, whilst recovering from trench fever. Faced with many fatally injured men, this must have inspired him to write a great deal. Unlike Brooke's poem "The Soldier", Owen portrays, not a glorified or heroic war, but a realistic war. Rupert Brooke, having not witnessed war, had attitudes showing the hysteria of war in 1914 projected to him, and knowing no different he had to believe it. The title "Anthem for Doomed Youth" has a huge sense of deliberate irony, stressing how brainless war appears to Owen. To Brooke on the other hand, war is far from pointless; it is something one does to receive admiration from their nation. Our first thought of an "Anthem" is a song of pride, love, passion and honor, but when such a word is followed by "doom", it takes away the glee and puts a feeling of misery, implying an inevitable death, in replacement. "Youth" also used in the title adds to the horror, as these are men with their whole lives in front of them. Full of solemn comparisons, it is a poem about the traditional funeral being substituted by the one that war has created. Owen writes" What passing-bells for these who die a... ...cally, ahead of his time, that war is not, by any means, right. However there is genuine optimism in Brooke's poem, to him, it was an honour to fight for his country; it was an honour to die for your country. Out of both of these sonnets my favorite has to be "Anthem for Doomed Youth" by Wilfred Owen. I like the way that he includes the reader in the sonnet from the very start. I also can relate to Owen's poem and I find it more thought provoking as I can't even begin to be in agreement to Brooke's reasoning behind "The Soldier", but this does shows me the attitude cultivated from the home front. With both of these sonnets, being so different, it brings me to a thorough understanding of both backgrounds and attitudes. The contrast between Owen and Brooke allows the reader to see the reality of the First World War from two totally different perspectives.

Student Protest movement Essay -- essays research papers

A Battle of Rights The Student Protest Movement of the 1960's was initiated by the newly empowered minds of Americas youth. The students who initiated the movement had just returned from the â€Å"Freedom Summer† as supporters of the Civil Rights Movement, registering Black voters, and they turned the principles and methods they had learned on the Freedom Rides to their own issues on campus. These students (mostly white, middle class) believed they were being held down by overbearing University rules. Student life was governed by the policy of in loco parentis, which allowed colleges to act "in place of the parents." Off campus,these young people were considered adults, but at school they were subjected to curfews, dorm visitation restrictions, close supervision, and rules against having a car or even renting an apartment. Not only were these students being treated as children in this respect, but there were also heavy restrictions put on what they could and could not discuss. Any issues, especially political, not directly related to the university were strictly prohibited. Only sandbox issues, those related to university issues were allowed on campus. This created an extremely controlled environment and severely impinged on the students rights to free speech. In reaction to such limitations, college students across the country decided to do something about it. The Student Protest Movement (SPM) began at the University of California at Berkeley in the Fall of 1964. In September of that year Berkley campus authorities declared the area directly outside of the main entrance to the school off limits for advocates of civil rights and other causes. For years the strip had been accepted as a place where students could hand out pamphlets, solicit names for petitions, and sign people up. This ban set the stage for the beginning of the SPM. On September 29, demonstrators defiantly set up tables on the Bancroft strip and refused to leave when told to do so. The next day university officials took the names of five protesters and ordered them to appear for disciplinary hearings that afternoon. Instead of five students, five hundred, led by Mario Savio, marched to Sproul Hall, the administrati... ... the spot light. Many had negative feelings towards the protests and sit-ins, arguing that they did nothing but impinge on classroom time and interfere with the students ability to carry out there education. Though the SPM may have created chaos around campus, it was well manored and non-violent. The protestors took hold of the methods used in the Civil Rights movement, knowing that violence only made situations less credible and more dificult to keep under control. They were trained to simply go limp when arrested, not to resist the officers, therefore avoiding any danger to themselves or others. The sit-ins were just that; a group of students calmly sitting around conversing and playing music, all the while getting the attention and recognition they strived for. Whether the effectiveness came for the bottom up, with student organizations gathering to approach the administration, or top down, with the administration addressing the students, the issues were recognized and discussed. Both parties had their gains and losses, and the Student Protest Movement came out on top with a memorable place in